6.10 part 1

1. the classification system developed by linnaeus in the early 1700s divided living organisms into plant and animal kingdoms. today, that has been expanded into five kingdoms. which of the following inventions was most responsible for creating the need for the additional three kingdoms and why?

a) the internet allowed scientists to discuss differences between organisms easily.
b) genetic engineering created new species which then needed new kingdoms.
c) fossil fuel-based transportation made it easier to explore and discover new species.
d) microscopes made it possible to learn more about single-celled organisms.

2. which of the following categories contains the most species?

a) order
b) genus
c) class
d) phylum

3. why might knowledge of the gene and protein sequences of a species be useful in classifying that species?

a) it would keep the species from being interbred with any other species that might appear physically similar to it.
b) it would make it possible to compare that species to other species at a level deeper than outward appearance.
c) it would allow more accurate naming of the species by basing names on genes rather than appearance.
d) it would prove that all the members of a given species were genetically identical to each other.

4. which best explains why viruses are not classified by linnaean taxonomy?

a) viruses do not contain any genetic information or a cell wall.
b) viruses share many characteristics with several of the kingdoms.
c) viruses cannot reproduce outside a host cell and are therefore nonliving.
d) viruses lack a protein coat and any metabolic activity.

5. if two different organisms have nuclei in their cells and have young that are produced from eggs, what else can be assumed about them based on their phylogeny?

a) they are members of the domain archaea, but not necessarily members of the same kingdom.
b) they both belong to the same phylum, and possibly to the same species.
c) they both belong to the same class, but not necessarily to the same genus.
d) they are members of the domain eukaryota, and possibly members of the same kingdom.

6. which of the following correctly summarizes why bacteria and archaea are not in the same kingdom?

a) their cell walls are created from different substances and bacteria has an rna polymerase that archaea lacks.
b) only bacteria are both prokaryotic and single-celled organisms
c) only archaea have cell membranes made from straight chains of peptidoglycan.
d) archaea are believed to be the ancestor of bacteria and therefore cannot be in the same kingdom as bacteria.

7. among the bacteria and archaea, which process produces results that are most similar to the results of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes and why?

a) binary fission, because it is used to produce identical daughter cells
b) conjugation, because one cell trades genetic material directly with another cell
c) transformation, because the cell picks up genes from its environment
d) transduction, because genes are added to the cell through an intermediary

8. a pathogenic strain of bacteria has become resistant to an antibiotic that once could kill it. what has happened to these bacteria to make this happen? (2 points)

a) the bacterial cells learned to remove the receptors on their cell surfaces, making it impossible for the antibiotic to attack them.
b) most of the bacteria make changes to their dna to protect themselves, making themselves immune to future attacks.
c) some of the bacterial cells were able to produce toxins against the antibiotics, making them more likely to survive.
d) only the few bacteria that were immune to the antibiotic survived and reproduced, making all their offspring immune to it as well.

9. why are amoebas more likely to use endocytosis than red algae?

a) amoebas live in harsh environments and need to form endospores through endocytosis, while red algae rarely need to.
b) reproduction in amoebas involves endocytosis, while reproduction in red algae involves spore formation.
c) the amoebas have to use endocytosis for photosynthesis while the red algae use pinocytosis during photosynthesis.
d) endocytosis is the only way amoebas can bring food into their cells, while red algae can produce food by photosynthesis.

10. a hurricane tore holes in the roof of your house, allowing a good deal of moisture inside. very quickly, mold began to grow because of it. what would be the most effective and ecologically friendly way of killing the mold and why?

a) since mold is one of the immobile protists, releasing heterotrophic protists to act as predators would kill it.
b) since mold is an autotrophic protist, depriving it of light would keep it from photosynthesizing, and it would die.
c) since protists need moist environments in order to grow well, drying out the area would kill the mold.
d) since protists need to move their flagella to gather food, spraying red tide toxins on the mold would paralyze and kill it.