Physical environmental factors for plants include a) predation b) light c) competition d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Explanation:

Physical environmental factors are the living and non-living factors which can control or influence the growth, survival and reproduction of the plants. The predation and competition can be two living or biotic factors. The predation is when a plant is consumed by the animal. The competition is when the soil and the sunlight is acquired by another plant where the plant was already growing.

The light is the non-living or abiotic factor such as sunlight it will help in supporting the growth of the plant by helping in photosynthesis.      

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily  disperse, but are  more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be  attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed  mechanisms for dispersal such as  complex life cycles.