To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, an outgroup is needed in order to: all of these choices are correct. determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived. decide which molecular data to use. determine which characteristics to include in our analysis. decide which characters are analogous and which are homologous.

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? a. dehydration reaction, b. hydrolysis, c. respiration, d. digestion, e. catabolism.

Crinoids, also known as sea lilies, appear to be sea plants but are not plants at all. crinoids are an echinoderm species which uses anchoring structures called holdfasts to attach themselves to the sea floor. crinoids were most abundant in pennsylvania during the mississippian period, which ranged from 375 to 320 million years ago. fossils of the crinoids shows that during most of this time pennsylvania was that provided favorable conditions for crinoid growth. a) glacial terrain b) a dry and sandy plain c) mostly mountain ranges d) covered by warm, shallow seas

1. mendel observed that pea plants had traits, such as color, that were either “one or the other,” never something in between. discuss the correlation between mendel’s factors, what they might be, and why pea plant traits come in one form or another—e. g., gray or dark red—rather than blended.