How do viruses cause disease? a. by releasing toxins b. by changing normal proteins into misfolded proteins c. by destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

Cladistics is a way of classifying organisms by examining the characteristics of their ancestors and descendants and depicting the relationships in a cladogram. which of the following best describes a challenge in classifying organisms this way? a. there are millions of species on earth, and a cladogram is not a practical means for classifying all of them. b. it is impossible to tell which organisms are most closely related to each other using a cladogram. c. cladograms are detail-oriented and do not provide a useful understanding of evolutionary relationships. d. there is a limited number of ways to organize the information, so most cladograms end up looking very similar.

Compare the parts of a cell and the cell as a whole to another common nonliving system (i. e., a car, a city, describe the parts of a cell and their primary function.

Explain the causes and effect of damage to the genetic code.