What is peristaltic movement and how does it function in the esophagus?

the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including dna and rna. this backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.

c) 50% there are four chromosomes. after crossing over, 2 of the four have been changed. that means any gamete has a 2 in 4 chance or 50% chance of receiving the mutated chromosome.