In the syndrome model of substance addiction, it is hypothesized that the reward center of the brain is not adequately stimulated by usual activities, so the individual turns to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway.

Suggest why placing wheels under a heavy box reduces the neccessary force required to push it along at a constant speed.

Compare and contrast cladistics and phylogeny. what are their advantages and disadvantages? which is the most useful in understanding how an organism developed into its current form? which concept most strongly supports your opinion about the origin of any given organism?

Imagine that certain laws of physics could be ignored and you were able to travel vast distances in moments. now imagine that you traveled to an earth-like planet located light-years away that is known to support life. think about what you’ve learned in this unit and make an argument for what you think would be the dominant type of life form on this planet. consider whether a notochord is required for an organism to manipulate its environment and become a dominant creature.