Why are ecological pyramids shaped as pyramids?
a. because there is a large decrease in the amount of energy or biomass as you move from one trophic level up to the next
b. because the movement of energy through the biosphere follows a path similar in shape to a pyramid
c. because decomposers form a wide base of support at the bottom of a food web similar to the base of a pyramid
d. because food webs are usually triangular in shape

In the california poppy, an allele for yellow flowers (c) is dominant over an allele forwhite flowers (c). at an independently assorting locus, an allele for entire petals (f) isdominant over an allele for fringed petals (f ). a plant that is homozygous for yellow andentire petals is crossed with a plant that is white and fringed. a resulting f1 plant is thencrossed with a plant that is white and fringed, and the following progeny are produced: 54 yellow and entire; 58 yellow and fringed, 53 white and entire, and 10 white andfringed. using the chi-square test, what would the probability value (p-value) be?