Which statement about fitness and natural selection is true? a) the fitness of individuals of a particular phenotype is a function of the probability that such individuals survive, divided by the average number of offspring they produce
b) changes in the absolute numbers of offspring necessarily lead to changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
c) natural selection operates directly on the genotype
d) the fitness of an individual is determined solely by its ability to survive
e) the fitness Of individuals of a particular phenotype is a function of the probability that such individual survive, multiplied by the average number of offspring they produce

(me out over the last several centuries, scientists have made the following broad observations while investigating several branches of the life sciences: -the fossil record shows that different types of organisms have existed at different times in earth's history. -many organisms have similar body structures that seem to be adapted to different ways of living in their environment. -organisms of different species often share similarities in stages of embryonic development. -many species share genetic similarities, and almost all organisms use the same basic building blocks to construct proteins. -often, the extent of two species' similarities can be predicted from their geographic closeness to each other. -a great deal of change has been observed among species that have experienced strong selective pressures through many generations. scientists have carefully considered and rigorously tested the observations listed above. when scientists offer a of these observations, they are making 1.) testable explanation, deductive explanation 2.) scientific interference, scientific law