We will be comparing urine output, urine osmolarity, urine pH, and presence of urinary glucose between subjects that have ingested water ad libidum, water at 7.5 mL/kg body weight, water at 16 mL/kg, cola at 7.5 mL/kg, sports drink at 7.5 mL/kg, and diet cola at 7.5 mL/kg body weight. 1. Which of these groups would you expect to have the highest urine output? Why? 2. Which of these groups would you expect to have the highest urine osmolarity? Why? 3. Do you expect to see any alteration in urinary pH in any of the groups? Why or why not? 4. Would you expect to see the presence of glucose in the urine for any of these groups? Why or why not?

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Explanation:

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the oldest known insects are believed to live around 400 millions ago as suggested by the fossil records.   some plants having woody stems also evolved during this time.

after the evolution of insects the first four legged species or the tetrapods evolved in shallow freshwater habitats from the intermediate species approximately 397 million years ago. the tetrapods went on conquering the land giving rise to amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds.

the major split in tetrapods first occurred 340 million years ago branching off from amphibians.

363 million years ago when the carboniferous period began the insects started roaming on land and taking flights, following which the four limbed tetrapods adapted in the terrestrial habitat.