Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder. Red blood cells normally have a round shape and pass easily through small blood vessels as they deliver oxygen to the tissue. But in people with sickle-cell anemia, some red blood cells are shaped like a sickle, or a "C." The red blood cells with this sickle shape do not live as long as healthy, round blood cells. The sickling of red blood cells is thought to be due to problems with the hemoglobin gene. The unusual behavior of the hemoglobin causes rigid fibers of protein to form in the cell membrane, leading to a decrease in its flexibility and the change in cell shape. These rigid, deformed cells are more likely to rupture or get stuck in small blood vessels, creating a blockage. When blood flow to tissues is interrupted, this can lead to long-term damage to organs and even cause death.

1. a) Based on the information above, what are at least two changes that take place in the red blood cells of individuals with sickle-cell anemia? (2 points)