What two methods can be used to make a deductive inference from a hypothetical proposition?

The theories on the expansion of galaxies maybe re-examined to strengthen science should not be tested to strengthen science will weaken scientific knowledge if they change will become laws if they don't change

Up until 1938, paleontologists accepted the idea that coelacanths (an ancient fish) went extinct at the time that they last appear in the fossil record, about 80 million years ago. but in 1938, a live coelacanth was discovered off the coast of south africa that was compared to the fossil record and found to be the same species what goal of science does this discovery represent

Suppose you use three different scale to weigh a bag of organges. one scale says the nag weighs 2.1 lb, and third says it weighs 2.1 lb. the actual weight of the bag of organges is 2.153 lb. which of the following best decribes these results?