What are the functions of an enzyme in a metabolic reaction? (Choose all that apply.) lowering the energy it takes for a reaction to occur or speeding up a reaction

binding to ions to form a substrate

bringing substrates closer together so they are more likely to react

aligning the parts of substrates that need to connect to form a product.

poor water quality affects most estuarine organisms, including commercially important fish and shellfish. the pollutants that have the greatest impact on the health of estuaries include toxic substances like chemicals and heavy metals, nutrient pollution (or eutrophication), and pathogens such as bacteria or viruses.

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the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).