Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are the two more prominent concerns for medical staff and for the worldwide community. Despite precautions, these diseases are both considered emerging infections. Neither of them have had vaccines developed that are effective at preventing the contraction of the disease.

Define the apical impulse and describe its normal location, size, and duration. which abnormal conditions may affect the location of the apical impulse? explain the mechanism producing normal first and second heart sounds. describe the effect of respiration on the heart sounds. describe the characteristics of the first heart sound and its intensity at the apex of the heart and at the base. describe the characteristics of the second heart sound and its intensity at the apex of the heart and at the base.