What is an independent veriable?

Charles darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859. in what way foes modern evolutionary theory differ from the theory as proposed by darwin? a) darwin inferred that individuals can evolve, but modern generic science has shown that this is not true. b)darwin inferred that individuals do not evolve, but modern genetic science has shown that this is not true. c)modern science has disproved most of darwin's original theory of evolution, because darwin knew nothing about generations and their role in heredity. d)generic studies have shown that gene expression and other factors operate along with natural selection, but most of darwin's theory has been supported by modern science.

The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism isa. virus. b. infection. c. pathogen. d. microbe. e. bacterium.

Which of these substances does not protect against invaders in the nonspecific immune response? a. saliva b. mucus c. tears d. urine