Because there is often no way to measure every instance of a phenomenon around the entire world, scientists . can do little more than guess at what’s happening

do not even attempt to do so

use statistical sampling and mathematical models to make estimates

use computer simulations instead

pick one instance and assume it’s representative

when it's short and dry.

the father in the first generation probably had the recessive colorblind trait in his x chromosome. if he and his wife both had the colorblind trait, even if she had 1 recessive and 1 dominant, then that trait would be passed on to their kids.

(since you didn't attach the family tree this is just an assumption)

cells spend most of their time in interphase