Describe the effects of feedings on the energy expenditure, FMR, of male and female
kittiwakes.

feeding decreased the energy expenditure of both female and male kittiwakes. Female kittiwakes were affected by feeding more than male ones, the “difference between fed and controlled female groups' FMR is higher.

if the type of the food available changes, then the frequency of beak types will change, because birds with beaks more suited to the available food will be more successful over time.

c) 50% there are four chromosomes. after crossing over, 2 of the four have been changed. that means any gamete has a 2 in 4 chance or 50% chance of receiving the mutated chromosome.