A PhD is a doctorate of philosophy in a specific science. For example, Dr. Lobb has a PhD in Education and a PhD in Psychology along with her training in philosophy and religion. Why is a "doctorate of philosophy" in different fields the "terminal" degree in so many fields? What does that tell us about philosophy, especially applied philosophy?

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.

i think i can answer even without the example. over time with environmental changes, sometimes a group of animals will adapt to better survive. take a moth for example. if the trees the moths use to camouflage themselves from predators, started to die or change colors themselves, the moths may, overtime of course, change color too. its just adapting to its surroundings. hope i was of any : )