It's your first week working in the lab and unfortunately you program the PCR machine incorrectly so that your first three PCR experiments do not work as expected. However, from each of your mistakes you learn more about how PCR works! For each of the following scenarios, state what you think the results will be and briefly explain your reasoning. a) The denaturation step was performed at 72 degree C.
b) The annealing step was performed at 96 degree C.
c)The annealing step was performed at 24 degree C.

a) this temperature is too low to denature DNA

b) this temperature is too high and will denature DNA

c) this temperature is too low to anneal DNA  

Explanation:

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique widely used in molecular biology in order to replicate a single fragment of DNA millions of times. The PCR amplification consists of three steps repeated over several cycles: (1) denaturation, where double-stranded DNA strands are separated; (2) annealing, where specific primers (i.e., short DNA fragments) bind to flanking ends of the DNA sequence to be amplified; and (3) extension, where a thermostable DNA polymerase extends the 3' end of each primer sequence. The annealing temperature should be between 48 to 72°C because this temperature is associated with the melting temperature (Tm) of the primers. The extension step should be between 68 to 72°C since from this temperature the thermostable Taq polymerase can extend the primers in order to form new DNA strands. Therefore, the annealing temperature cannot exceed the extension temperature. Moreover, when the denaturation temperature should be around 95°C (it is important to note that when the denaturation step is too long the DNA can be degraded).

yes i have all the correct answers

1. c 6. b. 11. c

2. a 7. d. 12. d

3. c 8. b. 13. c

4. d 9. c. 14. d

5. c 10. d. 15. a

16. d. 21. a

17. d.

18. a. 22-30 you must do on

19. d. your own

20. d.

4.) metal

"-the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment

-carbon is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (which make up all organisms)

-carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms

-producers convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

-bacteria in the atmosphere cycles through the system in filtration units

-in cellular respiration, carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

-some carbon is stored in limestone (forming one of the largest "carbon sinks" on earth)

-largest carbon reservoir on earth= limestone

-carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules may be released into the soil or air when the organism dies

-this may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels, which increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide)

-fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago

-they are located in the surface of earth, deep within the earth and beneath the ocean floor."