American cockroaches engage in courtship rituals before mating. Females begin courtship by raising their wings, exposing their integral membranes, expanding their genital chambers and releasing a pheromone that attracts males. This stance is referred to as the calling position. Attracted males approach females and flap their wings to denote interest. Mating commences when a male cockroach backs into a female cockroach, depositing sperm. After fertilization, a female American cockroach produces an egg case known as an ootheca. Some species of cockroaches are ovoviviparous, which means they carry the ootheca inside their bodies. In a few species, the eggs grow inside the female's uterus without the aid of an ootheca. The developing babies feed on the yolks of the eggs, just as those that grow outside of their mothers do. Only one species of cockroach is viviparous, meaning the babies develop inside the mother's uterus surrounded by amniotic fluid. The young grow and develop just as the offspring of mammals do until the mother gives birth. The female carries the ootheca on her abdomen for a short time, usually a day or two. After that, she deposits it in a warm humid location. Nymphs emerge within 38 days and complete their development within six to 12+ months. The life span of the American cockroach ranges from one to 1.5 years. 1. mate by
2. The offspring develop by
3. The parent pest and its offspring are (genetically identical/different) because
4. By removing the pest can be stopped from reproducing because .