Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivate when they heard a specific noise without the presence of food provide an example of

Pavlov was a Russian physiologist that worked upon animal behaviours. Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivate when they heard a specific noise, without the presence of food, provides an example of classical conditioning. Another name for this type of conditioning is learning by association. In this case the dog associated the specific noise with food. 

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The answer will be d