If a solute is moving through a phospholipid bilayer from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the assistance of a protein, the manner of transport must be
a. active transport
b. facilitated diffusion
c. simple diffusion
d. any of the above, depending on the solute
e. solutes cannot cross phospholipid bilayers.

surface mining destroys mountain tops, landscapes, forests and wildlife habitats. on top of that, it leads to soil erosion and destruction of agricultural land. the landscape changes can also disrupt river channels and streams, which leads to flooding. which, can destroy plant life and other animals as well.

explanation:

as many times as you want

only about ten percent of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to organisms at the next trophic level. the remainder of the energy is used in life processes or lost as heat.