How can artificial sweeteners taste like sugar but not actually be sugar?
a. artificial sweeteners anesthetize normal tongue receptors so signals of sweetness are sent to the brain instead of what the "sweetener" really tastes like.
b. artificial sweeteners are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the tongue, and causing your hypothalamus to think you have eaten something sweet.
c. artificial sweeteners stimulate the same taste buds that sugar does because they have a chemical structure that closely resembles that of sugar.
d. artificial sweeteners stimulate a different part of the tongue than sugar does, fooling it into thinking you have sugar in your mouth.
e. none of the above is true?

the answer is b: 1.4 km/hr

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure