Genetic engineering can be used to create more productive strains of farm animals used for milk and meat production. by adding genes to an animal’s dna, the animal can be made to be more resistant to common infections. this can reduce the need to administer large doses of antibiotics to the animals. do you think that this type of genetic engineering should be pursued? explain your answer. (5 points) what are some possible impacts (positive and negative) of this type of genetic engineering on individuals, society, and the environment? (5 points)

This kind of genetic engineering can be pursued, but with caution. Making an animal more resistant to common infections can reduce the need to administer antibiotics, which often ends up in the milk and meat, and can also save money for the farmer. It can result in healthier farm animals that produce more milk and meat. However, in some cases genetic engineering can produce sicklier and weaker offspring than wild type, sometimes as an unforeseen effect of the phenotype, but sometimes as an effect of a weaker DNA molecule that breaks easier. Some consequences of this include reduced fertility and offspring viability. For society, it could be seen as a benefit if it ups the production of milk and meat because it could drive down the cost, since more goods are being produced per farm animal than before. In terms of the environment, it might be beneficial because the antibiotics that would have otherwise been passed through the animal and ended up in animal waste, where it could effect the local ecosystem in a negative way, do not end up doing that since the animal itself is no longer in need of large doses of antibiotics. 

Mantle convection  is the slow  creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate  mantle  caused by  convection  currents carrying  heat from the interior  to the planet's surface.[1][2]  the earth's surface  lithosphere, which rides atop the  asthenosphere  (the two components of the  upper mantle), is divided into a number of  plates  that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite  plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with  seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by  conduction  and  convection  of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of  subduction  usually at an  ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4]  while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from  spinel  to  silicate perovskiteand  magnesiowustite, an  endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers  volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6]  and  mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the  tectonic plates  are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the  hadean  period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten  iron, and  nickel  elements and  sulphides  in the core, and lighter  silicate minerals  in the  mantle.