The flow of energy in an ecosystem is bestdescribed as energy moving in(1) one direction from the sun to the producersand then to the consumers(2) one direction from a consumer to aproducer and then to the sun as heat andlight(3) two directions between the producers thatare present(4) two directions, back and forth, between theproducers and the consumers

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily  disperse, but are  more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be  attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed  mechanisms for dispersal such as  complex life cycles.

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