For each phase, describe at least one way mistakes during the cell cycle could result in problems

Ans.

Cell cycle is series of events that leads to duplication of DNA, followed by the division of a parent cell into daughter cells. In humancells, cell cycle involves three stages, interphase and mitotic phase (in somatic cells) or meiosis (in germ cells), and cytokinesis.  Interphase includes G0 (gap 0) phase, G1 phase, S (synthesis) phase, and G2 phase. M-phase (mitotic or meiotic phase) includes prophase, anaphase, anaphase and telophase, after that cytokinesis takes place. Errors during different stages lead to various problems, that include:

Errors during interphase:

During G1 phase, cell prepares for division as it makes all the proteins necessary for DNA replication on S-phase. If a cell has not sufficient proteins or other raw materials for DNA replication, DNA replication will get affected.

During S-phase, DNA replication occurs. Errors in DNA replication will lead to loss of DNA integrity or mutations.

During G2 phase, cell prepares for mitotic division. Any error that occurs during S-phase gets repaired during this phase. If those errors do not get reaired in G2 phase, they will pass to daughter cells through M-phase.

Errors during M-phase: Chromosomal abnormalities can occur during metaphase of meiosis. It would lead to enuploidy or polyploidy, due to unequal division of chromosomes.