How should molecular clocks be used if not all mutations occur at the same rate?

The image shows embryos of three vertebrate classes

In german cockroaches, curved wing (cv) is recessive to normal wing (cv+). bill, who is raising cockroaches in his dorm room, finds that the frequency of the gene for curved wings in his cockroach population is 0.6. in his friend joe’s apartment, the frequency of the gene for curved wings is 0.2. one day joe visits bill in his dorm room, and several cockroaches jump out of joe’s hair and join the population in bill’s room. bill estimates that, now, 10% of the cockroaches in his dorm room are individual roaches that jumped out of joe’s hair. what is the new frequency of curved wings among cockroaches in bill’s room? 0.69 0.4 0.5 0.31 0.20

What best explains whether bromine (br) or neon (ne) is more likely to form a covalent bond? bromine forms covalent bonds because it has seven valence electrons, but neon has eight valence electrons and already fulfills the octet rule. bromine forms covalent bonds because it has many electron shells, but neon has only two electron shells and is tightly bound to its electrons. neon forms covalent bonds because it can share its valence electrons, but bromine has seven valence electrons and can gain only one more electron. neon forms covalent bonds because it has only two electron shells, but bromine has many electron shells and will lose electrons in order to fulfill the octet rule.