Due

1. what are primary and secondary succession?

2. how do communities change over time?

3. why do successions occur?

4. do ecosystems return to “normal” following a disturbance, such as a natural disturbance or a human-caused disturbance?

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

chert is a sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline silica. with this little bit of information, you can come to the conclusion that your answer is c.  

explanation: