Adaptive melanism describes selection for
a.
mottled pigmentation
b.
lighter pigmentation
c.
darker pigmentation
d.
more colorful pigmentation

Adaptive melanism describes selection for darker pigmentation.

Explanation:

Hereditary changes in melanin production cause the darkening in color of populations of animals as a survival strategy that makes them less conspicuous to predators.

For example the rock pocket mouse has a sandy dorsal pelage and white underbelly, and it inhabits light-colored rocks. In other regions these mice are found on lava flows where they are typically melanic, with dark-colored dorsal hairs and white underbellies. This darker coloration provides protection from avian and mammalian predators.

many phylogenetic trees have a single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. a lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched is called basal taxon. when two lineages stem from the same branch point, they are called sister taxa.

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explanation:

the two answers are a, the population of birds with large beaks will increase on the island, and c, the trait for large beaks will be passed on to future generations through natural selection. the reason for that is because if the birds that have beaks developed for eating small seeds lose all of their food, they will go hungry and eventually starve because they physically cannot eat the large seeds, therefore making the population of large beaked birds higher. also, if the trait of large beaks are dominant on the island over small beaks, then over time the large beaked birds will reproduce more and more, while the smaller beaked birds will reproduce less and less because they can't survive with the food provided. that leads to the trait of small beaks disappearing and the trait of large beaks taking over the island.