Which factors are common to both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium? migration, genetic drift, speciation, and natural selection allele change and microevolution slow adaptation, stasis, and expansion

The factors which are common to both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are found in the first option - migration, genetic drift, speciation, and natural selection. Both gradualism and punctuated equlibrium go through these 4 phases. Gradualism, as opposed to punctualism, is a theory that proposes that evolution is a process created through gradual changes, as opposed to immediate ones.

Reduction in overall biodiversity