What basic substances make up a cell

The main ingredient of cells is water. Water is needed to maintain homeostasis. Cells are also made up of macromolecules—nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates. These macromolecules help maintain a cell's structure, help cells communicate with each other, aid in energy storage, etc.

you did not attach the discourse, but i assume it to be the discourse on the origin and basis of inequality among men (the original titile in french is: "discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes"), also know as "second discourse". in this discourse, jean-jacques rousseau emphasizes that private property is the basis of all inequalities.

therefore, what enabled the old regime to maintain as long as it did was private property.

c) 50% there are four chromosomes. after crossing over, 2 of the four have been changed. that means any gamete has a 2 in 4 chance or 50% chance of receiving the mutated chromosome.