Describe the major types of mutations, causes of mutations, and potential consequences.

1. A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single "chemical letter" such as switching an A to a G). -Insertion

Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA. -2. Deletion

Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted. -3.Frameshift

Since protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly parsed. These changes are called frameshifts.

Explanation:

a tetrad is the foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.

explanation:

okay now i don't know this but for the pints nothing else to say bye