Compare primitive communities to climax communities.

(this is a short answer)

An ecological succession is a series of changes that occurs in a biotic community of the ecosystem with respect to changes in the non-living factors and time. An ecological succession occurs in a ecosystem until it attains stability. The primitive and climax communities are the products of the ecological succession, they can be compared as follows:

Primitive communities develop in the starting of the ecological succession, whereas climax communities develop in the end of the ecological succession.

Primitive communities mainly develop in the bare or primitive region, where no life form ever existed before, whereas climax communities develop in the region previously occupied by living beings.

Primitive communities exhibit few small sized organisms and less diverse life forms, whereas climax community exhibit many large and small sized organisms and more diverse life forms.  

Primitive communities includes pioneer communities that make environment suitable for living of other organism. These pioneer species grows on hard substrate like rocks to cause it's withering and this process makes soil favorable for the growth of primitive plant species. Climax communities need not to prepare soil for their growth, as soil conditions are favorable for their growth.

Primitive communities are replaced by next successional species and they are not stable in nature but climax communities cannot be replaced by any other communities and they are stable community.

All of the above shows the difference between a climax community and a primitive community.

In ecology, climax community, or climatic climax community, is a historic term that expressed a biological community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession the development of vegetation in an area over time, had reached a steady state.

Primitive communism is a concept originating from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who argued that hunter-gatherer societies were traditionally based on egalitarian social relations and common ownership.

The correct answer between all the choices given is the last choice or letter D. I am hoping that this answer has satisfied your query and it will be able to help you in your endeavor, and if you would like, feel free to ask another question.

a: the sheep and waste material both release carbon into the atmosphere.

b

explanation: