What adaptations are common for animals in hot and cold climates? Name at least two for both hot and cold climates.

Explanation:

1. hot- camels live in hot deserts where its extremely hot and sandy therefore they have long eyelashes to protect their eyes just in case of sand storms

2. cold- penguins live in very cold climates so they have both black and white fur white so they can disguise in the snow from predators and black so they can absorb heat from the sun when they get extremely cold

3. hot -thick fur on the top of the body for shade, and thin fur elsewhere to allow easy heat loss. a large surface area to volume ratio - to maximise heat loss. the ability to go for a long time without water - they lose very little water through urination and perspiration. the ability to tolerate body temperatures up to 42°C

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.