Do both questions and both parts and I will brainlist

Desertification cause: Overgrazing.

Desertification effect: No plants in the ecosystem.

Urbanization cause: Industrial growth.

Urbanization effect: More people move into the city/town and omit more Co2.

Hope this helped and have a wonderfully amazing day. :)))

"d.) carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide"

thinking it would be d not too sure but i think it's right