Ways in which seed dormancy can be broken

Seed dormancy is defined as the process in which seed are prevented from germination even though environmental conditions are favoring.

There are several ways in which seed dormancy can be broken. Some of them are as following:

Scarification: scarification is a mechanical technique to breakdown the seed dormancy. In this technique, hard seed coat is removed from the seed under cold temperature.

Hot water treatment: The seed is kept into hot water between the 75 degree to 100 degree, that helps in removal of seed coat and allow germination of plant.

Sodium hypochlorite solutions: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution breakdown the seed dormancy by decomposing germination inhibitors,  increases α-amylase activity and scarifying the seed coat.

Hence, three ways to break seed dormancy are Scarification, Hot water treatment, and Sodium hypochlorite solutions.

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the darker peppered moth species were favored due to the fact that the industrial revolution had made all the nearby trees a darker color instead of white.