1. a mutation that causes changes in the amino acid sequence downstream of the mutation is called
a) a point mutation.
b) a translocation mutation.
c) a substitution mutation.
d) a frameshift mutation.

3. what type of mutation is albinism?
a) advantageous
b) lethal
c) neutral
d) deleterious

4.an original dna sequence and a mutated form of this sequence are shown below. what type of mutation occurred?
original: -g-c-t-t-a-g-t-c-c-a-g-t-a-
mutation: - g-t-a-g-c-t-t-a-g-t-c-c-a-
a)translocation
b)insertion
c)deletion
d)inversion

Q1. The answer is D) a frameshift mutation.
A frameshift mutation is addition or deletion of a base which results in the change of reading frame and consequently in changed amino acid sequence downstream of the mutation.
A point mutation or a substitution mutation means an exchange of one base for another. A translocation is a rearrangement of different parts of chromosomes.

Q2. The answer is D) deleterious.
Albinism is a congenital disorder caused by a defect in the gene for an enzyme which synthesises melanin, a skin pigment. If this mutation is lethal, the organism would die. If it is neutral, the organism would not be affected. If the mutation is advantageous, it would be expected that the trait gives an advantage to the organism. However, albinism is a deleterious mutation because its carriers have some medical problems.

Q4. A)translocation
Let's compare this two sequences:
Original:              -G-C-T-T-A-G-T-C-C-A-G-T-A- 
Mutation:  -G-T-A-G-C-T-T-A-G-T-C-C-A- 
A translocation is a rearrangement of different parts of chromosomes. So, in this example the last three bases G-T-A are after mutation translocated and now can be found at the beginning of the sequence. In an example of inversion, this sequence would be inverted (A-T-G) but at the same position. Insertion would add a base, while deletion would delete a base.

If there were no memes, there would be no life.