2.Can you discuss the effectiveness of skin as a barrier to infection? 3.Can you discuss the efficiency of tears as a barrier to infection?

4.Can you discuss the effectiveness of tears as a barrier to infection?

5.Can you discuss the efficiency of commensals as a barrier to infection?

6.Can you discuss the effectiveness of commensals as a barrier to infection?

7.Can you discuss the efficiency of mucus membranes as a barrier to infection?

8.Can you discuss the effectiveness of mucus membranes as a barrier to infection?

9.Can you discuss the efficiency of phagocytosis?

10.Can you discuss the effectiveness of phagocytosis?

11.Can you discuss the efficiency of inflammation?

12.Can you discuss the effectiveness of inflammation?

13.Can you discuss the efficiency of natural killer cells?

14.Can you discuss the effectiveness of natural killer cells?

15.Can you discuss the efficiency of the humoral immunity?

16.Can you discuss the effectiveness of the humoral immunity?

17.Can you discuss the efficiency of the cell-mediated immunity?

18.Can you discuss the effectiveness of the cell-mediated immunity?

19.Can you compare the efficiency of the non-specific and specific responses, giving an explanation for why this is the case?

20.Can you compare the effectiveness of the non-specific and specific responses, giving an explanation for why this is the case?

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2.The skin acts as an external barrier to bacteria, preventing infection and protecting the internal organs. The skin also protects the body from ultraviolet radiation using the pigment barrier formed from melanocyte cells found in the top of the papillary dermis and a protein layer found in the epidermis.

3.To stop eye infections we have evolved chemicals within our tears called lysozymes . These are enzymes that destroy bacterial cells by breaking down their cell walls. Lysozymes are found in saliva, breast milk and mucus, as well as in tears.

4. For example, the mucous membranes of the eyes are bathed in tears, which contain an enzyme called lysozyme that attacks bacteria and helps protect the eyes from infection. The airways filter out particles that are present in the air that is inhaled.

5. Commensal bacteria directly inhibit invasive pathogen colonization. The microbiota indirectly inhibit pathogens by stimulating host defense mechanisms. Pathogens exploit host and commensal bacteria-derived products to grow. Manipulating the microbiota is an effective therapeutic option against infection.

6.The commensal viruses in the gut is associated with human health and diseases. They benefit the host while in certain circumstances they are opportunistically pathogenic. Kernbauer et al highlighted the beneficial function of commensal viruses showing they contribute to the development of intestinal epithelial cells.

7.The mucus layer provides an essential first host barrier to inhaled pathogens that can prevent pathogen invasion and subsequent infection. Respiratory mucus has numerous functions and interactions, both with the host and with pathogens.

8.Typically, mucous membranes are coated with secretions that fight microorganisms. For example, the mucous membranes of the eyes are bathed in tears, which contain an enzyme called lysozyme that attacks bacteria and helps protect the eyes from infection.

9.Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and ... One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. ... Dendritic cells and macrophages are not so fast, and phagocytosis can take ... In some diseases, e.g., the rare chronic granulomatous disease, the efficiency of ...

Specific immune responses are triggered by antigens. Antigens are usually found on the surface of pathogens and are unique to that particular pathogen. The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells th

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