Radiation, such as X-rays, or mutagenic chemicals can cause mutations and cancer. Which of the statements correctly describes their effect on mutations in genes?

Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase chances of random mutations in genes.

Explanation:

Mutations in genes are random changes that can’t be steered by an external mechanism. However, radiation and chemical substances called mutagens may affect the rate of these mutations and significantly increase the number of random mutations.

a. to encourage apoptosis

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!