At what points in the progression from gene to protein do these methods act (i. e., what processes do they prevent)

Genes are translated, transcribed and after these two steps, the formation of a protein takes place.

DNA is translated, that is, read, in the form of codes and thanks to the machinery of intracellular transcriptases, after this an RNA is encoded that will be made with the assembly of amino acids that together will form proteins.

Proteins can be structural or functional.

Explanation:

There are different methods to intervene in these processes, it can be by means of macromolecules, drugs and also by microbiological factors, that is, by microorganisms such as viruses that take advantage of the human transcription machinery to replicate.

other information encoded in your genes might distinguish you from the others in the group