\Read the excerpt from “The Telephone: A Truer Tale.” The story of the telephone’s invention in 1876 is one of hard work, determination, and triumph. Many accounts make it sound like a fairy tale. After all, it has a terrific happy ending in which the hero, Alexander Graham Bell, uses his astonishing new device to transmit the words “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you.” However, the true story of how the telephone came to be is not quite as happy as most imagine. In fact, it is not a tale of triumph at all, but one of tragedy. What’s more, the first words ever spoken over a wire could not possibly have been uttered by Alexander Graham Bell, because he was only two years old at the time. Which quotation from the excerpt presents a counterclaim to the idea that the invention of the telephone was a triumphant event? The story of the telephone’s invention in 1876 is one of hard work, determination, and triumph. After all, it has a terrific happy ending in which the hero, Alexander Graham Bell, uses his astonishing new device to transmit the words “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you.” However, the true story of how the telephone came to be is not quite as happy as most imagine. In fact, it is not a tale of triumph at all, but one of tragedy. What’s more, the first words ever spoken over a wire could not possibly have been uttered by Alexander Graham Bell, because he was only two years old at the time.

What’s more, the first words ever spoken over a wire could not possibly have been uttered by Alexander Graham Bell, because he was only two years old at the time.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.