A structural change in the alpha-factor of Saccharomyces (a type of yeast) is shown to render the molecule defective. What effect would this mutation have on the reproductive behavior for this yeast cell species? Justify your claim by discussing cell signaling and response events.

The structural change of the alpha factor (receptor) on yeast changes its ability to function. (Common theme in cell biology is that “structure determines function”) if the yeast lose the structure of their alpha receptors, they lose the ability to divide and reproduce. If the structure of the alpha receptor has been compromised, the yeast cell loses its ability to divide/reproduce. (Loss of structure = loss of function). Yeast can also divide through meiosis, so can help produce four more cells. This creates types of alpha cells, all four of these are going to come through meiosis from this original diploid cell. And since they went through meiosis, each of them are going to be haploid. So these are all going to be haploids. This becomes 16 chromosomes total, 16 chromosomes, chromosomes, each of them. Yeast have two mating types, a and α (genotypes MATa and MATα, respectively). When a yeast cell is stimulated by pheromone secreted by a nearby cell of the opposite mating type, it undergoes a series of physiological changes in preparation for mating. These include significant changes in the expression of about 200 genes (about 3% of the genome), arrest in the G1 phase of the cell-cycle, oriented growth toward the mating partner, and, ultimately, the fusion of the plasma membranes of the mating partners, followed shortly thereafter by the fusion of their nuclei. The entire process takes about 4 h.

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the potatoes have high sugar concentrations and although these potatoes were different we could seethe effects that their sugar concentrations had in different environments. for example, the potatoes in sample a, were placed in pure water. this created a hypertonic environment and caused the potatoes to draw in water from its surroundings. we saw the opposite happen with the potatoes in sample b when placed in the sodium chloride solution. the potatoes in this case were in a hypotonic solution and therefore lost water to their surroundings.

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