How do the components of sugar molecules combine to form proteins and other larger carbon based molecules?

Monomers such as monosaccharides and amino acids bond with each other through dehydration synthesis, where an H20 molecule is lost.

The sugar molecules thus formed contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: Their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids and other carbon-based molecules that can be assembled into larger molecules (such as proteins or DNA), used for example to form new cells.