Primary succession occurs when pioneer species move into an area that has no plants. Which organisms are common pioneer species?

What is used to keep track of the gamates and possible offsprings combination

Which type of landforms forms at the plate boundary as a result of divergent stress

1. in what ways have non-native species been beneficial? 2. what are some of the hypotheses for the collapse of honeybee colonies? 3. distinguish between regional and functional extinction. 4. why is it difficult to measure background extinction rates? 5. what three factors are most important in causing extinction rates to climb?