These electron transport chains provide energy to make and which are later used to make during the reaction.

i believe your answer would be c.. : )

essentially, one bacterial cell splits into two daugurer cells. bacterial offspring don't need or get care from their parents because they are in a sense their own parents. that said, some bacteria can and do depend on other bacteria especially in harsh environments such as bacterial microfilms in hot water tanks.

answer; (a) medicalized;