II. Completați frazele următoare utilizând termenii științifici corecți:
a) Celula cu nucleu individualizat și organite celulare se numește ………… .
b) ADN-ul și ARN-ul se numesc ………… .
c) ………… ………… sunt structuri care funcționează ca niște organe miniaturale, fiind răspunzătoare de îndeplinirea unor anumite funcții.
d) Nucleoidul este ………… al procariotelor.
e) Toate celulele prezintă ………… în timp ce peretele celular e prezent la celulele ………… .

The diagram illustrates the activity of vesicles during a cellular process.

Which of the following are false concerning microbes? a. microbes generate oxygen through photosynthesis. b. the primary role of microbes on the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans. c. microbes produce vitamins in the intestines. d. microbes play a role in breaking down waste and decomposing dead organisms.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).