Which of the following mutations is most likely to be passed on to future generations? A) cancer caused by excessive exposure of skin cells to the Sun
B) a chromosomal alteration that occurred during gametogenesis
С) breakage of a chloroplast in the leaf cell of a maple tree
D) damage to the mitochondria in a liver cell

The answer is B.

red color of the tomato due to the lycopene pigment in chromoplast, and the sunflower plastid is chromoplast

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.