Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes. However, prokaryotes must perform many of the same functions as eukaryotes. For THREE of the organelles identified in part (a), explain how prokaryotic cells carry out the associated functions

Nucleus Hereditary information/DNA/chromosomes or RNA synthesis in

cytosol.

Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis.

ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Diffusion of molecules in cytosol.

Rough ER Protein synthesis/transport in cytosol; may be linked to

transcription.

Smooth ER Lipid synthesis or detoxification occurs in cytosol.

Mitochondria Other membranes or cytosolic molecules function in ATP

synthesis.

Chloroplasts Other membranes or cytosolic molecules function in light

absorption/photosynthesis/carbohydrate synthesis.

Plastids Pigments are distributed throughout cytosol or are associated

with membranes.

Vacuole, vesicles Inclusion bodies/granules/large molecules in cytosol.

Cilia or flagella Motility via bacterial flagella

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.

measuring light intensity

light meters can be used to measure light intensity. the meter is held at the soil surface and pointed in the direction of the maximum light intensity, and then the meter is read.

errors can be made when measuring light intensity by accidentally shading the light meter. the reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples.