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Which mantle is under the crust the upper mantle or the lower mantle i think it's upper let me know if i'm right

Consider darwin's first writings on the theory of natural selection. an important point of darwin's essay on the principle of population, written in 1798, was a peer's observation that in nature plants and animals produce far more offspring than can survive, this observation can be attributed to a) charles lyell. b) thomas malthus. c) jean-baptiste lamarck. d) johann friedrich meckel.

How do ratio scale and diagrammatic scale work