In a classic experiment, John Teal studied the flow of energy through the producers, consumers, and detritivores in a salt marsh. Teal measured the amount of solar radiation entering a salt marsh in Georgia over a year. He also measured the aboveground biomass of the dominant primary producers, which were grasses, as well as the biomass of the dominant consumers, including insects, spiders, and crabs. Teal also measured the detritus that flowed out of the marsh to the surrounding coastal waters. To determine the amount of energy in each unit of biomass, he dried the biomass, burned it in a calorimeter, and measured the amount of heat produced. Form of Energy kcal/(m^2⋅yr)
Solar radiation 600,000
Gross grass production 34,580
Net grass production 6,585
Gross insect production 305
Net insect production 81
Detritus leaving marsh 3,671

Required:
a. Graph the data depicted above.
b. What proportion of the solar energy that reaches the marsh is incorporated into gross primaryproduction? Into net primary production? (A proportion is the same as a percentage divided by 100.Other measures are useful for comparing relative efficiencies across different ecosystems.)

i. Gross Primary- 0.058
ii. Net Primary-0.012

c. Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. What isthe trophic efficiency between the producers and consumers?If the efficiency is not 100% how muchenergy is lost?

Mantle convection  is the slow  creepingmotion of earth's solid silicate  mantle  caused by  convection  currents carrying  heat from the interior  to the planet's surface.[1][2]  the earth's surface  lithosphere, which rides atop the  asthenosphere  (the two components of the  upper mantle), is divided into a number of  plates  that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite  plate boundaries. accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with  seafloor spreading. this hot added material cools down by  conduction  and  convection  of heat. at the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of  subduction  usually at an  ocean trench.[3]this subducted material sinks through the earth's interior. some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle,[4]  while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from  spinel  to  silicate perovskiteand  magnesiowustite, an  endothermic reaction.[5]the subducted oceanic crust triggers  volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied. volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt.secondary forms of convection that may result in surface volcanism are postulated to occur as a consequence of intraplate extension[6]  and  mantle plumes.[7]it is because the mantle can convect that the  tectonic plates  are able to move around the earth's surface.[8]mantle convection seems to have been much more active during the  hadean  period, resulting in gravitational sorting of heavier molten  iron, and  nickel  elements and  sulphides  in the core, and lighter  silicate minerals  in the  mantle.

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