For a behavior to evolve under the influence of natural selection, that behavior must be a. directed by genes. b. neither adaptive nor harmful. c. acquired through learning. d. related to predator avoidance.

(a). directed by genes.

Explanation:

Natural selection can be defined as a process, by which organisms having favorable traits have more chance to survive and reproduce. Due to this, organisms with traits, which are adaptive for a given environment increase with each generation.

Organisms having favorable genes for a trait or behavior will have more chance to survive and pass these genes to next generations. Over time, natural selection will allow the organisms with favorable genes to adapt to their surrounding environment. Hence, for a behavior or trait to evolve under the influence of natural selection, the trait should be directed by genes.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

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explanation:

plate tectonics and volcanic euptions

over time, plate tectonic processes cause continents to move to different positions on the globe.

for example, britain was near to the equator 300 million years ago, and therefore was hotter than it is today. for further details look at our climate through time poster or online map.

the movement of the plates also causes volcanoes and mountains to form and these too can contribute to a change in climate.

mountain ranges formed by plate tectonics. large mountain chains can influence the circulation of air around the globe, and consequently influence the climate.   warm air might be deflected somewhere cooler by the mountains.